Unlocking Africa’s trade potential

Africa’s rise challenges the imagination. During the last decade, sub-Saharan Africa was home to six of the world’s ten fastest-growing economies.

During the next five years, the region’s GDP is expected to grow 30 per cent faster than that of the rest of the world. And, during the next 35 years, the continent will account for more than half of the world’s population growth, according to the United Nations.

These trends will give African countries a more prominent role on the world stage, and provide new opportunities for people to better their lives.

As African countries assume their new role, they want meaningful economic partnerships that deliver the sustainable, inclusive growth they seek.

As US President Barack Obama said during his visit to Ethiopia last month, “real economic partnerships have to be a good deal for Africa. They have to create jobs and capacity for Africans”.

By those criteria, the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) has been tremendously effective since its enactment in 2000.

By removing tariffs on exports to the United States from 39 sub-Saharan countries, it has stimulated growth, encouraged economic integration, and created opportunity where it otherwise might not have existed.

Earlier this summer, the US Congress, recognising these gains and underscoring the strength of America’s commitment to Africa, overwhelmingly approved legislation to reauthorise AGOA for another 10 years.

To make the most of this extension — the longest in the programme’s history — the US and its African partners need to start working towards a more comprehensive partnership. That journey begins by acknowledging that tariffs are no longer the biggest constraint on trade in Africa.

Today, the chief impediments are supply-side constraints, which require well-designed strategies and capacity-building efforts so that AGOA’s members can take full advantage of the programme’s benefits.

Making the most of AGOA will also require improvement in the infrastructure — physical and institutional — necessary for promoting investment and facilitating trade. 

The issues that need to be addressed include the lack of reliable, affordable electricity, high transportation costs, and weak and inefficient trade-related facilities.

Consider the challenges faced by Brazzaville, in Congo, and Kinshasa, in the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo.

These two cities, separated by the Congo River, are expected to grow to a combined total of nearly 20 million residents by 2025. 

But because of poor infrastructure and inefficient customs procedures, only 1.1 per cent of Congo’s imports come from its neighbour.

According to the World Bank, getting a container across the Congo River costs almost $4,500, and the total can top $10,000 once the cost of inland transportation is added. 

By contrast, moving an identical container with the same cargo from Malaysia to Singapore costs less than $1,000.

Africa needs to build its capacity to trade competitively in today’s global economy. 

That is why the Office of the US Trade Representative, the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), USAID and other US government agencies are advancing programmes like Trade Africa, Power Africa and Feed the Future to help the continent develop sustainable infrastructure and increase regional integration.

Consider MCC’s work in Benin. As one of the US agencies leading efforts to build trade capacity in Africa, MCC committed more than $180 million to upgrade the Port of Cotonou, which serves as a gateway for trade not only to Benin but also to the landlocked countries of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger.

MCC’s investment, which leveraged public and private funds, aimed to alleviate chronic freight bottlenecks in the port by doubling its capacity to import and export cargo.

During Obama’s visit to Africa, MCC made a further commitment of $52 million to support a series of similar public-private partnerships that are expected to generate $750 million in investments in Africa.

MCC could do even more to increase trade capacity and cross-border engagement if it had the authority to pursue regional investments.

By investing in cross-border roads or power transmission, for example, MCC could help increase economic activity and promote regional integration.

Such efforts would help African and American exporters alike, including the 120,000 Americans whose jobs are supported by US exports to sub-Saharan Africa. That is why leaders in Congress from both parties are working to give MCC this much-needed authority.

Even as we consider how to make the most of AGOA’s historic renewal, we need to look beyond 2025 and imagine what a deeper, more mature economic partnership might entail.

Of course, we will need to account for emerging economic realities both within and outside of Africa. 

Already many African countries are forging more permanent, reciprocal relationships with other developed-country trading partners.

At the same time, the US is moving forward with next-generation trade agreements — the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership — that will raise standards across both the Asia-Pacific region and the Atlantic and will have positive spillover effects in Africa.

For example, the TPP will help combat illegal wildlife trafficking, including illegal trade in ivory from Africa. In other areas, including labour rights, these agreements could help make higher standards the global norm.

As President Obama made clear at the US-Africa Leaders Summit in Washington, DC, a year ago, the US is not new to Africa. Indeed, we have been engaged in Africa for decades, not as a colonial power, but as a partner.

And that partnership is based not just on extracting resources from the region, but on unlocking growth for all. 

As representatives from across Africa gather in Libreville, Gabon, this week for this year’s AGOA Forum, we have an opportunity and an obligation to take that partnership to the next level.

Michael Froman is the US trade representative. Dana J. Hyde is CEO of the Millennium Challenge Corporation. ©Project Syndicate, 2015. www.project-syndicate.org